Phosphorylation of Akt leads to activation of TOR, a molecular sensor of metabolism and cellular homeostasis (Wullschleger et al., 6B)
Other groups who may benefit include: Patients following gastric surgery (gastrectomy, bariatric procedures) where intrinsic factor production or absorption sites are compromised Individuals with malabsorption disorders such as Crohn's disease, coeliac disease, or chronic pancreatitis Strict vegans and vegetarians with dietary insufficiency, though oral supplementation is usually tried first Elderly patients with atrophic gastritis or reduced gastric acid production Patients on long-term metformin or proton pump inhibitors, which can impair B12 absorption Individuals with nitrous oxide exposure (recreational or medical), which can cause functional B12 deficiency Diagnosis typically involves serum B12 measurement, with levels below approximately 148 pmol/L (though thresholds vary between laboratories) generally indicating deficiency
Raw meats, especially beef liver, are another wonderful source
Collectively, these design principles establish a biointelligent framework for HAGSH scaffold development, where structural adaptability, biochemical responsiveness, and polymer network precision converge to create mechanically robust yet biologically dynamic systems ideally suited for redox-regulated wound repair
