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The mathematical specification and statistical estimation procedures for SIENA models of the co-evolution of networks and a behavioral dependent variable have been previously described (Snijders et al., 2007

Study findings include: Lung cancer risk increased by 7% with every cigarette per day For current smokers, the lifetime risk of lung cancer ranged from 14% overall to 26% (1 in 4) for those who smoked more than 35 cigarettes per day, compared to 1% risk for never-smokers (1 in 100)

In another recent study, published in JAMA Network Open , Stokes and colleagues found that vaping alone can increase the risk of respiratory disease by more than 40 percent

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